Lectures in PGS Programming

Computer Programming
Loops and Iterations

Fundamentals of Looping
• Iteration – The repetition of the loop.

When the given problem says that we are to print the numbers 1 to 10, this would mean that we will need a repetition of instruction PRINT 10 times. The number or repetitions the loop has taken to perform to satisfy the problem is the number of iterations.

• Accumulator – a temporary storage location in a central processing unit that holds values during a process.

• Counter – a temporary storage location that counts the number of iteration/process in a program.

Types of Loops
• Infinite Loop – A loop that runs without end. It is due to mistakes in the logical operation or expression or variables used to control the termination of the loop.Others call this logical error. Often this type of error is hardest type to debug.

• Index Loop – A loop that executes when the number of iteration is explicit in the problem. The printing of the 1 to 10 is an example of this type of loop.

• Conditional Loop – A loop that executes only in a given satisfied condition. The number of iterations in this type of loop is not in the problem and the iteration is dependent on the conditions given. Decision Symbol is used as a loop terminator in the Conditional loop.

o Pre-condition Approach
It is a conditional loop that checks the condition first before the instruction is executed. A classic looping constructs under this type of approach is the While Loop. This loop checks if the condition given in the decision symbol is true. If it is true, the program performs the instruction. The rule thumb for this approach in programming is:

“While the condition is true, Do *statement/s”
*Statements may be a single instruction (e.g., c = c+1 ) or series of instructions (e.g., j =j+1;, followed by x =x*j, and print (x)).

o Post-condition Approach
It is a conditional loop that executes the instructions first before checking the condition. A classic looping construct this type of approach is the Do While Loop. The Do While Loop performs the instruction before checking the condition given in the decision symbol. In addition, do while loop performs the instruction at least once if the condition set in the decision symbol is not true. The loop continues while the condition is true. The rule of thumb in programming under this approach is :

“Always executes its loop at least once.”
“Do statement and iterates while the condition is true”

Exercises:
1.Accept a number and print the product of the integers. Use pre-condition approach.
2.Accept a number and print the integers and the sum of the integers of the number. Use pre-condition approach.
3.Use post-condition approach to the problem in number 1.
4.Use post-condition approach to the problem in number 2.

actitivy no. 3 for Programming

Computer Programming: Design Program Logic
Decision Application

Create a flowchart and write the program of the following problems. Draw the flowchart on a short bond paper.

1.Accept two integers and determine if the values are equal, if the values are equal do not print anything, otherwise print the higher number.
2.Input three unique numbers and print the lowest number.
3.Input three unique numbers and print the difference of the highest and lowest numbers.
4.Create a flowchart that will accept a child’s age and print its equivalent education level. The age of a chil is considered 1 year old if it reaches 6 months. Given the condition of converting 6 months to a1 year, the flowchart should be able to identify the child’s education level. If a child was able to finish college, it is considered that he is not longer a child and is already a young adult and a professional. If the educational level is professional, the flowchart should not print anything. The education level in relation to the age is as follows:

Age 0 – 2 - Parental Age 7 – 12 - Elementary
Age 3 – 4 - Nursery Age 13 – 16 - Highschool
Age 5 – 6 - Pre-school Age 17 – 21 - College

Activity no. 2 for Programming

Computer Programming
Input-Output and Process Application

Create a flowchart and write the program of the following problems. Draw the flowchart on a short bond paper.

1.Accept three numbers and print the sum of the inputted numbers.
2.Accept three numbers and print the product of the inputted numbers.
3.Create a flowchart that will accept three numbers and prints the sum, product and average of the numbers.
4.Accept a dollar value and print the equivalent peso value. The flowchart will convert dollar peso having an exchange rate of 1 is to 47.50.
5.Create a flowchart that will accept two integers. If the integers are equal, print the sum of the integers, otherwise print the product.
6.Create a flowchart that will input unique integers for A, B, and C and print the highest number.

PGS Activities in Proggramming

Programming NC IV
Computer Laboratory Exercises:

Instructions: create a flowchart and pseudocode of the following programs aside from coding this to your c++ language. Indicate your name as a programmer and the exercise # in every program.
The pseudocode and program will be placed in a short bond paper.

1.Create a program that will display your name.
2.Create a program that will accept your name and after inputting your name, it will appear Good morning!
3.Create a program that will accept five integers and will display the average of the five.
4.Create a program that will compare two integers and will display what is lower.
5.Create a program that will accept two integers and compare which is higher.

TMTP and CAC Seminar

These photos are taken during the TMTP ( trainer's methodology training program) and CAC (competency assessors course) Seminar that was held at UCC (Union Christian College), San Fernando City, La Union, from february 2-6, and february 9-11.

Electronic Learning

Electronic learning (or e-Learning or eLearning) is a type of Technology supported education/learning (TSL) where the medium of instruction is computer technology.In some instances, no in-person interaction takes place.E-learning is used interchangeably in a wide variety of contexts. In companies, it refers to the strategies that use the company network to deliver training courses to employees. In the USA, it is defined as a planned teaching/learning experience that uses a wide spectrum of technologies, mainly Internet or computer-based, to reach learners. Lately in most Universities, e-learning is used to define a specific mode to attend a course or programmes of study where the students rarely, if ever, attend face-to-face for on-campus access to educational facilities, because they study online.

Along with the terms learning technology, instructional technology, and Educational Technology, the term is generally used to refer to the use of technology in learning in a much broader sense than the computer-based training or Computer Aided Instruction of the 1980s. It is also broader than the terms Online Learning or Online Education which generally refer to purely web-based learning. In cases where mobile technologies are used, the term M-learning has become more common. E-learning, however, also has implications beyond just the technology and refers to the actual learning that takes place using these systems.

E-learning is naturally suited to distance learning and flexible learning, but can also be used in conjunction with face-to-face teaching, in which case the term Blended learning is commonly used. E-Learning pioneer Bernard Luskin argues that the "E" must be understood to have broad meaning if e-Learning is to be effective. Luskin says that the "e" should be interpreted to mean exciting, energetic, enthusiastic, emotional, extended, excellent, and educational in addition to "electronic" that is a traditional national interpretation. This broader interpretation allows for 21st century applications and brings learning and media psychology into the equation.

e-Learning can also refer to educational web sites such as those offering learning scenarios, worksheets and interactive exercises for children. The term is also used extensively in the business sector where it generally refers to cost-effective online training.

E-learning services have evolved since computers were first used in education. There is a trend to move toward blended learning services, where computer-based activities are integrated with practical or classroom-based situations.

Goals:

E-Learning lessons are generally designed to guide students through information or to help students perform in specific tasks. Information based e-Learning content communicates information to the student. Examples include content that distributes the history or facts related to a service, company, or product. In information-based content, there is no specific skill to be learned. In performance-based content, the lessons build off of a procedural skill in which the student is expected to increase proficiency.

Computer-based learning

Computer Based Learning, sometimes abbreviated to CBL, refers to the use of computers as a key component of the educational environment. While this can refer to the use of computers in a classroom, the term more broadly refers to a structured environment in which computers are used for teaching purposes. The concept is generally seen as being distinct from the use of computers in ways where learning is at least a peripheral element of the experience (e.g. computer games and web browsing).

Computer-based training

Computer-based training (CBT) services are where a student learns by executing special training programs on a computer relating to their occupation. CBT is especially effective for training people to use computer applications because the CBT program can be integrated with the applications so that students can practice using the application as they learn.

Computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL)

"Computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL) is one of the most promising innovations to improve teaching and learning with the help of modern information and communication technology. Collaborative or group learning refers to instructional methods whereby students are encouraged or required to work together on learning tasks. It is widely agreed to distinguish collaborative learning from the traditional 'direct transfer' model in which the instructor is assumed to be the distributor of knowledge and skills. “ Lehtinen et al.